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風險披露

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以下的風險披露聲明書是根據<<證券及期貨事務監察委員會持牌人或註冊人操守準則>>或香港交易所的要求予以提供：

 

  1. 證券交易的風險
    證券價格有時可能會非常波動。證券價格可升可跌，甚至變成毫無價值。買賣證券未必一定能夠賺取利潤，反而可能會招致損失。
     

  2. 買賣創業板股份的風險
    創業板股份涉及很高的投資風險。尤其是該等公司可在無需具備盈利往績及無需預測未來盈利的情況下在創業板上市。創業板股份可能非常波動及流通性很低。

    你只應在審慎及仔細考慮後，才作出有關的投資決定。創業板市場的較高風險性質及其他特點，意味著這個市場較適合專業及其他熟悉投資技巧的投資者。

    有關創業板股份的最新資料只可以在香港聯合交易所有限公司所操作的互聯網網站上找到。創業板上市公司一般毋須在憲報指定的報章刊登付費公告。

    假如你對本風險披露聲明書的內容或創業板市場的性質及在創業板買賣的股份所涉風險有不明白之處，應尋求獨立的專業意見。
     

  3. 買賣牛熊證涉及的風險 
    強制收回
    牛熊證並不適合所有投資者，投資者在買賣牛熊證前應先考慮本身能承受多少風險。在任何情況下，除非投資者清楚明白牛熊證的性質，並已準備好隨時會損失所有的投資金額，否則投資者不應買賣牛熊證，因為萬一牛熊證的相關資產價格觸及收回價，牛熊證會即時由發行商收回，買賣亦會終止。N類牛熊證將不會有任何剩餘價值。若是R 類牛熊證，持有人或可收回少量剩餘價值，但在最壞的情況下亦可能沒有剩餘價值。經紀代其客戶從發行商收回剩餘價值款項時或會收取服務費。

    一般來說，收回價與相關資產現價的相差越大，牛熊證被收回的機會越低，因為相關資產的價格需要較大的變動才會觸及收回價。但同一時間，收回價與現價的相差越大，槓桿作用便越小。

    當牛熊證被收回後，即使相關資產價格反彈，該隻牛熊證亦不會再次復牌在市場上買賣，因此投資者不會因價格反彈而獲利。

    若屬海外資產發行的牛熊證，強制收回事件可能會於香港交易所交易時段以外的時間發生。

    槓桿作用
    由於牛熊證是槓桿產品，牛熊證價格在比例上的變幅會較相關資產為高。若相關資產價格的走向與投資者原先預期的相反，投資者可能要承受比例上更大的損失。

    限定的有效期
    牛熊證有一固定有效期，並於指定日期到期。有效期可以是3個月至5年不等。若在到期前遭提早收回牛熊證的有效期將變得更短。期間牛熊證的價值會隨着相關資產價格的變動而波動，於到期後或遭提早收回後更可能會變得沒有價值。

    相關資產的走勢
    牛熊證的價格變動雖然趨向緊貼相關資產的價格變動，但在某些情況下未必與相關資產價格的變動同步（即對沖值不一定等於一）。牛熊證的價格受多個因素所影響，包括其本身的供求、財務費用及距離到期的時限。此外，個別牛熊證的對沖值亦不會經常接近一，特別是當相關資產的價格接近收回價時。

    流通量
    雖然牛熊證設有流通量提供者，但不能保證投資者可以隨時以其目標價買入／沽出牛熊證。

    財務費用
    牛熊證在發行時已把整個年期的財務費用計算在發行價內，雖然當牛熊證被收回時其年期會縮短，持有人仍會損失整筆財務費用。投資者需注意牛熊證推出後，其財務費用或會轉變，流通量提供者在牛熊證推出時未必會根據財務費用的理論值價格開價。

    接近收回價時的交易
    相關資產價格接近收回價時，牛熊證的價格可能會變得更加波動，買賣差價可能會較闊，流通量亦可能較低。牛熊證隨時會被收回而交易終止。

    由於強制收回事件發生的時間與停止牛熊證買賣之間可能會有一些時差。有一些交易在強制收回事件發生後才達成及被交易所參與者確認，但任何在強制收回事件後始執行的交易將不被承認並會被取消。因此投資者買賣接近收回價的牛熊證時需額外小心。

    發行商會於強制收回事件發生後60分鐘內通知市場確實的收回時間，交易所亦會把於強制收回事件發生後才達成的交易資料發布給有關的交易所參與者，讓他們通知其客戶。若投資者不清楚交易是否在強制收回事件後才達成或有否被取消，應查詢經紀。

    海外資產發行的牛熊證
    以海外資產發行的牛熊證，其價格及結算價均由外幣兌換港元計算，投資者買賣這類牛熊證需承擔有關的外匯風險。外匯價格由市場供求釐定，其中牽涉的因素頗多。

    若屬海外資產發行的牛熊證，強制收回事件可能會於香港交易所交易時段以外的時間發生。 有關的牛熊證會於下一個交易時段或發行商通知交易所強制收回事件發生後盡快停止在交易所買賣。強制收回事件發生後，AMS/3不設自動停止機制。若屬R類牛熊證，剩餘價值會根據上市文件於訂價日釐定。
     

  4. 投資衍生權證(“窩輪)涉及的風險
    買賣衍生權證(“窩輪”)涉及高風險，並非人皆適合。投資者買賣衍生權證(“窩輪)前必須清楚明白及考慮以下的風險：

    發行商風險
    衍生權證(“窩輪”)的持有人等同衍生權證(“窩輪”)發行商的無擔保債權人，對發行商的資產並無任何優先索償權；因此，衍生權證(“窩輪”)的投資者須承擔發行商的信貸風險。

    槓桿風險
    儘管衍生權證(“窩輪”)價格遠低於相關資產價格，但衍生權證(“窩輪”)價格升趺的幅度亦遠較正股為大。在最差的情況下，衍生權證(“窩輪”)價格可趺至零，投資者會損失最初投入的全部資金。

    具有效期
    與股票不同，衍生權證(“窩輪”)有到期日，並非長期有效。衍生權證(“窩輪)到期時如非價內權證，則完全沒有價值。

    時間遞耗
    若其他因素不變，衍生權證(“窩輪”)價格會隨時間而遞減，投資者絕對不宜視衍生權證(“窩輪”)為長線投資工具。

    波幅
    若其他因素不變，相關資產的波幅增加會令衍生權證(“窩輪”)價值上升；相反，波幅減少會令衍生權證(“窩輪”)價值下降。

    市場力量
    除了決定衍生權證(“窩輪”)理論價格的基本因素外，所有其他市場因素（包括權證本身在市場上的供求）也會影響衍生權證(“窩輪”)的價格。就市場供求而言，當衍生權證(“窩輪”)在市場上快將售罄又或發行商增發衍生權證(“窩輪”)時，供求的影響尤其大。

     

  5. 投資交易所買賣基金涉及的風險
    市場風險
    交易所買賣基金主要為追蹤某些指數、行業/領域又或資產組別(如股票、債券或商品) 的表現。交易所買賣基金經理可用不同策略達至目標，但通常也不能在跌市中酌情採取防守策略。投資者必須要有因為相關指數/資產的波動而蒙受損失的準備。

    追蹤誤差
    這是指交易所買賣基金的表現與相關指數/資產的表現脫節，原因可以來自交易所買賣基金的交易費及其他費用、相關指數/資產改變組合、交易所買賣基金經理的複製策略等等因素。（常見的複製策略包括完全複製/選具代表性樣本以及綜合複製，詳見下文。）

    以折讓或溢價交易
    交易所買賣基金的價格可能會高於或低於其資產淨值，當中主要是供求因素的問題，在市場大幅波動兼變化不定期間尤其多見，專門追蹤一些對直接投資設限的市場/行業的交易所買賣基金亦可能會有此情況。

    外匯風險
    若投資者所買賣結構性產品的相關資產並非以港幣為單位，其尚要面對外匯風險。貨幣兌換率的波動可對相關資產的價值造成負面影響，連帶影響結構性產品的價格。

    流通量風險
    證券莊家是負責提供流通量、方便買賣交易所買賣基金的交易所參與者。儘管交易所買賣基金多有一個或以上的證券莊家，但若有證券莊家失責或停止履行職責，投資者或就不能進行買賣。

    交易所買賣基金的不同複製策略涉及對手風險
    (a)完全複製及選具代表性樣本策略
    採用完全複製策略的交易所買賣基金，通常是按基準的相同比重投資於所有的成份股/資產。採取選具代表性樣本策略的，則只投資於其中部分(而不是全部)的相關成份股/資產。直接投資相關資產而不經第三者所發行合成複製     工具的交易所買賣基金，其交易對手風險通常不是太大問題。

    (b)綜合複製策略
    採用綜合複製策略的交易所買賣基金，主要透過掉期或其他衍生工具去追蹤           基準的表現。現時，採取綜合複製策略的交易所買賣基金可再分為兩種：
     

i.以掉期合約構成

ii.總回報掉期 (total return swaps) 讓交易所買賣基金經理可以複製基金基準的表現而不用購買其相關資產。  

iii.以掉期合約構成的交易所買賣基金需承受源自掉期交易商的交易對手風險。若掉期交易商失責或不能履行其合約承諾，基金或要蒙受損失。

iv.以衍生工具構成

交易所買賣基金經理也可以用其他衍生工具，綜合複製相關基準的經濟利益。有關衍生工具可由一個或多個發行商發行。

v. 以衍生工具構成的交易所買賣基金需承受源自發行商的交易對手風險。若發行商失責或不能履行其合約承諾，基金或要蒙受損失。 

 

交易所買賣基金即使取得抵押品，也需依靠抵押品提供者履行責任。此外，申索抵押品的權利一旦行使，抵押品的市值可以遠低於當初所     得之數，令交易所買賣基金損失嚴重。

 

投資者是否了解並能審慎評估不同的交易所買賣基金結構及特色會有何影響極為重要。

 

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6.          在香港以外地方收取或持有的客戶資產的風險

持牌人或註冊人在香港以外地方收取或持有的客戶資產，是受到有關的海外司法管轄區的適用法律及規例所監管的。這些法律及規例與《證券及期貨條例》(香港法例第571章)及根據該條例制訂的規則可能有所不同。因此，有關客戶資產將可能不會享有賦予在香港收取或持有的客戶資產的相同保障。

 

7.          在香港聯合交易所有限公司買賣納斯達克－美國證券交易所證券的風險

按照納斯達克－美國證券交易所試驗計劃(「試驗計劃」)掛牌買賣的證券是為熟悉投資技巧的投資者而設的。你在買賣該項試驗計劃的證券之前，應先諮詢有關持牌人或註冊人的意見和熟悉該項試驗計劃。你應知悉，按照該項試驗計劃掛牌買賣的證券並非以香港聯合交易所有限公司的主板或創業板作第一或第二上市的證券類別加以監管。

 

8.         保證金買賣的風險

藉存放抵押品而為交易取得融資的虧損風險可能極大。你所蒙受的虧蝕可能會超過你存放於有關持牌人或註冊人作為抵押品的現金及任何其他資產。市場情況可能使備用交易指示，例如“止蝕”或“限價”指示無法執行。你可能會在短時間內被要求存入額外的保證金款額或繳付利息。假如你未能在指定的時間內支付所需的保證金款額或利息，你的抵押品可能會在未經你的同意下被變現。此外，你將要為你的賬戶內因此而出現的任何結欠數額及需繳付的利息負責。因此，你應根據本身的財政狀況及投資目標，仔細考慮這種融資安排是否適合你。

 

9.      提供將你的證券抵押品等再質押的授權書的風險

向持牌人或註冊人提供授權書，容許其按照某份證券借貸合約使用你的證券或證券抵押品，將你的證券抵押品再質押以取得財務通融，或將你的證券抵押品存放為用以履行及清償其交收責任及債務的抵押品，存在一定風險。

 

假如你的證券或證券抵押品是由持牌人或註冊人在香港收取或持有的，則上述安排僅限於你已就此給予書面同意的情況下方行有效。此外，除非你是專業投資者，你的授權書必須指明有效期，而該段有效期不得超逾12個月。若你是專業投資者，則有關限制並不適用。

 

此外，假如你的持牌人或註冊人在有關授權的期限屆滿前最少14日向你發出有關授權將被視為已續期的提示，而你對於在現有授權的期限屆滿前以此方式將該授權延續不表示反對，則你的授權將會在沒有你的書面同意下被視為已續期。

 

現時並無任何法例規定你必須簽署這些授權書。然而，持牌人或註冊人可能需要授權書，以便例如向你提供保證金貸款或獲准將你的證券或證券抵押品借出予第三方或作為抵押品存放於第三方。有關持牌人或註冊人應向你闡釋將為何種目的而使用授權書。

 

倘若你簽署授權書，而你的證券或證券抵押品已借出予或存放於第三方，該等第三方將對你的證券或證券抵押品具有留置權或作出押記。雖然有關持牌人或註冊人根據你的授權書而借出或存放屬於你的證券或證券抵押品須對你負責，但上述持牌人或註冊人的違責行為可能會導致你損失你的證券或證券抵押品。

 

大多數持牌人或註冊人均提供不涉及證券借貸的現金賬戶。假如你毋需使用保證金貸款，或不希望本身證券或證券抵押品被借出或遭質押，則切勿簽署上述的授權書，並應要求開立該等現金賬戶。

 

11.        其他買賣風險

a.    存放的現金及財產

如果你為在本地或海外進行的交易存放款項或其他財產，你應瞭解清楚該等款項或財產會獲得哪些保障，特別是在有關商號破產或無力償債時的保障。至於能追討多少款項或財產一事，可能須受限於具體法例規定或當地的規則。在某些司法管轄區，收回的款項或財產如有不足之數，則可認定屬於你的財產將會如現金般按比例分配予你。

 

b.   佣金及其他收費

在開始交易之前，你先要清楚瞭解你必須繳付的所有佣金、費用或其他收費。這些費用將直接影響你可獲得的淨利潤(如有)或增加你的虧損。

 

c.    在其他司法管轄區進行交易

在其他司法管轄區的市場(包括與本地市場有正式連繫的市場)進行交易，或會涉及額外的風險。根據這些市場的規例，投資者享有的保障程度可能有所不同，甚或有所下降。在進行交易前，你應先行查明在那些司法管轄區有關你將進行的該項交易的所有規則。你本身所在地的監管機構，對於你已執行的交易所在地的所屬司法管轄區的監管機構或市場，將不能迫使它們執行有關的規則。有鑑於此，在進行交易之前，你應先查詢你本身地區所屬的司法管轄區及其他有關司法管轄區可提供哪種補救措施的詳情。

 

d.    貨幣風險

以外幣計算的資產買賣所帶來的利潤或招致的虧損(不論交易是否在你本身所在的司法管轄區或其他地區進行)，均會在需要將資產的貨幣單位兌換成另一種貨幣時受到匯率波動的影響。

 

e.    交易設施

電子交易的設施是以電腦組成系統來進行交易指示傳遞、執行、配對、登記或交易結算。然而，所有設施及系統均有可能會暫時中斷或失靈，而閣下就此所能獲得的賠償或會受制於系統供應商、市場、結算公司及／或交易所參與商號就其所承擔的責任所施加的限制。由於這些責任限制可以各有不同，閣下應向為閣下進行交易的商號查詢這方面的詳情。

 

f.     電子交易

透過一個電子交易系統進行買賣可能會與透過其他電子交易系統進行買賣有所不同。如你透過某個電子交易系統進行買賣，你須承受該系統帶來的風險，包括有關硬件或軟件可能會失靈的風險。系統失靈可能會導致持牌人或註冊人的買賣盤不能根據指示執行，或完全不獲執行。

 

你確認並承擔因網路擠塞或其他原因而引致通過互聯網傳送的訊息有所延誤的風險。持牌人或註冊人不會就有關延誤所構成的後果(包括但不限於延誤向交易地點發出指示或命令，或因任何通訊設施故障而延遲向你發出執行報告，或其他不能合理地由持牌人或註冊人控制的延誤) 負責。

 

互聯網上的通訊可能暫時中斷、傳遞終止或截取，或因互聯網的公眾背景或其他持牌人或註冊人不能控制的理由引致資料傳送有失誤。透過互聯網發出的訊息無法保證完全安全。你應注意，任何經持牌人或註冊人系統發出或接收的訊息/指示均可能出現被延誤、遺失、轉換、更改、訛用或被病毒感染的風險，你須為有關風險負責。持牌人或註冊人不會就有關的損失及損害負上責任。

 

g.    電子結算單的風險

互聯網及其他電子媒介的接達可能因為高峰期、市場波動、系統升級或維修或因其他原因而受到限制或未能提供。透過互聯網及其他電子媒介進行的任何通信可能會受到幹擾、出現傳輸中斷，及由於未能預測的互聯網通信量或因其他不受持牌人或註冊人控制的原因而導致傳輸延誤。基於技術所限，互聯網本身為不可靠的通信媒介。因此，可能會出現資訊傳輸及接收之延誤，以及結算單未必能傳送到指定的電郵帳號。此外，未經授權第三方可能獲得通訊及個人資料，及你須要完全承擔任何誤解通信或通信錯誤之風險。

 

h.   場外交易

在某些司法管轄區及只有在特定情況之下，持牌人或註冊人獲准執行場外交易。持牌人或註冊人可能是你所進行的買賣的交易對手方。在這種情況下，有可能難以或甚至無法平掉既有倉盤、評估價值、釐定公平價格又或評估風險。因此，這些交易或會涉及更大的風險。場外交易的監管或會比較寬鬆，又或需遵照不同的監管制度；你在進行該等交易前應先瞭解適用的規則和有關的風險。

 

 

本風險披露聲明可能沒有披露所有涉及風險。在進行交易及投資前，你應搜集資料。你應按本身的財政狀況及投資目的作為考慮投資的大前提。你在交易或投資前應考慮尋求或諮詢專業意見，以及應先瞭解有關的風險。

 

本風險披露聲明會不時修訂或補充，客戶需以不時經修訂或補充的版本為準。

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The following risk disclosure statement is provided pursuant to the Code of Conduct for Persons Licensed by or Registered with the Securities or Futures Commission and Hong Kong Exchange.

 

  1.  RISK OF SECURITIES TRADING 

The prices of securities fluctuate, sometimes dramatically. The price of a security may move up or down, and may become valueless. It is likely that losses will be incurred rather than profit made as a result of buying and selling securities.

 

  1. RISK OF TRADING GROWTH ENTERPRISE MARKET STOCKS 

Growth Enterprise Market (GEM) stocks involve a high investment risk. In particular, companies may list on GEM with neither a track record of profitability nor any obligation to forecast future profitability. GEM stocks may be very volatile and illiquid.

 

You should make the decision to invest only after due and careful consideration. The greater risk profile and other characteristics of GEM mean that it is a market more suited to professional and other sophisticated investors.

 

Current information on GEM stocks may only be found on the internet website operated by The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited. GEM companies are usually not required to issue paid announcements in gazetted newspapers.

 

You should seek independent professional advice if you are uncertain of or do not understand any aspect of this risk disclosure statement or the nature and risks involved in trading of GEM stocks.

 

 

  1. RISKS INVOLVED IN TRADING CALLABLE BULL/BEAR CONTRACTS (“CBBC”)

Mandatory call 

CBBC are not suitable for all types of investors and investors should consider their risk appetite prior to trading.  In any case, one should not trade in CBBC unless he/she understands the nature of the product and is prepared to lose the total amount invested since a CBBC will be called by the issuer when the price of the underlying asset hits the Call Price and trading in that CBBC will expire early.  The Payoff for Category N CBBC will be zero when they expire early.  When Category R CBBC expire early the holder may receive a small amount of Residual Value payment, but there may be no Residual Value payment in adverse situations.  Brokers may charge their clients a service fee for the collection of the Residual Value payment from the respective issuers.

 

In general, the larger the buffer between the Call Price and the Spot Price of the underlying asset, the lower the probability of the CBBC being called since the underlying asset of that CBBC would have to experience a larger movement in the price before the CBBC will be called.  However at the same time, the larger the buffer, the lower the leverage effect will be.

 

Once the CBBC is called, even though the underlying asset may bounce back in the right direction, the CBBC which has been called will not be revived and investors will not be able to profit from the bounce-back.

 

Besides, the Mandatory Call Event (MCE) of a CBBC with overseas assets as underlying may be triggered outside the Exchange‘s trading hours.

Gearing effects 

Since a CBBC is a leveraged product, the percentage change in the price of a CBBC is greater compared with that of the underlying asset.  Investors may suffer higher losses in percentage terms if they expect the price of the underlying asset to move one way but it moves in the opposite direction.

Limited life 

A CBBC has a limited life, as denoted by the fixed expiry date, with a lifespan of 3 months to 5 years.  The life of a CBBC may be shorter if called before the fixed expiry date.  The price of a CBBC fluctuates with the changes in the price of the underlying asset from time to time and may become worthless after expiry and in certain cases, even before the normal expiry if the CBBC has been called early.

Movement with underlying asset

Although the price of a CBBC tends to follow closely the price of its underlying asset, in some situations it may not (i.e. delta may not always be close to one).  Prices of CBBC are affected by a number of factors, including its own demand and supply, funding costs and time to expiry.  Moreover, the delta for a particular CBBC may not always be close to one, in particular when the price of the underlying asset is close to the Call Price.

Liquidity

Although CBBC have liquidity providers, there is no guarantee that investors will be able to buy/sell CBBC at their target prices any time they wish.

Funding costs 

The issue price of a CBBC includes funding costs and issuers will specify the formula for calculating the funding costs of their CBBC at launch in the listing documents.  Since the funding costs for each CBBC issue may be different as it includes the issuer’s financing /stock borrowing costs after adjustment for an expected ordinary dividend of the stock (if the underlying is a Hong Kong stock since the CBBC will not be adjusted for ordinary dividend) plus the issuer’s profit margin, investors are advised to compare the funding costs of different issuers for CBBC with similar underlying assets and terms.  The funding costs will gradually be reduced over time along with the CBBC in the secondary market as the CBBC moves towards expiry. In general, the longer the duration of the CBBC, the higher the total funding costs will be since it is similar to investors borrowing for a longer tenure to trade in the underlying asset. When a CBBC is called, the CBBC holders (investors) will lose the funding cost for the full period since the funding cost is built into the CBBC price upfront at launch even though with the MCE, the actual period of funding for the CBBC turns out to be shorter. In any case, investors should note that the funding costs of a CBBC after launch may vary during its life and the Liquidity Provider is not obliged to provide a quote for the CBBC based on the theoretical calculation of the funding costs for that CBBC at launch.

Trading of CBBC close to Call Price 

When the underlying asset is trading close to the Call Price, the price of a CBBC may be more volatile with wider spreads and uncertain liquidity.  CBBC may be called at any time and trading will terminate as a result.

 

However, the trade inputted by the investor may still be executed and confirmed by the investors after the MCE since there may be some time lapse between the MCE time and suspension of the CBBC trading.  Any trades executed after the MCE (i.e. Post MCE Trades) will not be recognized and will be cancelled.  Therefore, investors should be aware of the risk and ought to apply special caution when the CBBC is trading close to the Call Price.

Issuers will announce the exact call time within 1 hour after the trigger of MCE, and HKEx will also send the list of Post MCE Trades to the relevant Exchange Participants (brokers) who in turn will inform their clients accordingly.  For the avoidance of doubt on whether their trades have been cancelled (i.e. whether they are Post MCE Trades), the investors may check with their brokers.

 

CBBC with overseas underlying assets

Investors trading CBBC with overseas underlying assets are exposed to an exchange rate risk as the price and cash settlement amount of the CBBC are converted from a foreign currency into Hong Kong dollars.  Exchange rates between currencies are determined by forces of supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets which are affected by various factors.

 

Besides, CBBC issued on overseas underlying assets may be called outside the Exchange’s trading hours.  In such case, the CBBC will be terminated from trading on the Exchange in the next trading session or soon after the issuer has notified the Exchange about the occurrence of the MCE.  There will be no automatic suspension of the CBBC by AMS/3.  For Category R CBBC, valuation of the residual value will be determined on the valuation day according to the terms in the listing documents

 

  1. RISKS INVOLVED IN TRADING DERIVATIVE WARRANTS 

Derivative warrant trading involves high risks and is not suitable for every investor. Investors should understand and consider the following risks before trading in derivate warrants.

Issuer Risk 

Derivative warrant holders are unsecured creditors of an issuer and have no preferential claim to any assets an issuer may hold. Therefore, investors are exposed to credit risk in respect of the issuer.

Gearing Risk

Although derivative warrants may cost a fraction of the price of the underlying assets, a derivative warrant may change in value more or less rapidly than the underlying asset. In the worst case the value of the derivative warrants falls to zero and holders lose their entire purchase price.

 

Limited Life 

Unlike stocks, derivative warrants have an expiry date and therefore a limited life. Unless the derivative warrants are in-the-money, they become worthless at expiration.

Time Decay 

One should be aware that other factors being equal the value of derivative warrants will decrease over time. Therefore, derivative warrants should never be viewed as products that are bought and held as long term investments.

Volatility

Other factors being equal an increase in the volatility of the underlying asset should lead to a higher warrant price and a decrease in volatility lead to a lower derivative warrant price.

Market Forces 

In addition to the basic factors that determine the theoretical price of a derivative warrant, derivative warrant prices are also affected by all other prevailing market forces including the demand for and supply of the derivative warrants. Supply and demand forces may be greatest when a derivative warrant issue is almost sold out and when issuers make further issues of an existing derivative warrant issue.

  1.  RISKS INVOLVED IN TRADING EXCHANGE TRADED FUNDS (“ETFs”)

Market risk

ETFs are typically designed to track the performance of certain indices, market sectors, or groups of assets such as stocks, bonds, or commodities.  ETF managers may use different strategies to achieve this goal, but in general they do not have the discretion to take defensive positions in declining markets. Investors must be prepared to bear the risk of loss and volatility associated with the underlying index/assets.

 

Tracking errors

Tracking errors refer to the disparity in performance between an ETF and its underlying index/assets. Tracking errors can arise due to factors such as the impact of transaction fees and expenses incurred to the ETF, changes in the composition of the underlying index/assets, and the ETF manager’s replication strategy. (The common replication strategies include full replication/representative sampling and synthetic replication which are discussed in more detail below.)

 

Trading at discount or premium

An ETF may be traded at a discount or premium to its Net Asset Value (NAV). This price discrepancy is caused by supply and demand factors, and may be particularly likely to emerge during periods of high market volatility and uncertainty. This phenomenon may also be observed for ETFs tracking specific markets or sectors that are subject to direct investment restrictions.

 

Foreign exchange risk 

Investors trading ETFs with underlying assets not denominated in Hong Kong dollars are also exposed to exchange rate risk. Currency rate fluctuations can adversely affect the underlying asset value, also affecting the ETF price.

Liquidity risk 

Securities Market Makers (SMMs) are Exchange Participants that provide liquidity to facilitate trading in ETFs. Although most ETFs are supported by one or more SMMs, there is no assurance that active trading will be maintained. In the event that the SMMs default or cease to fulfill their role, investors may not be able to buy or sell the product.

Counterparty risk involved in ETFs with different replication strategies

  1. Full replication and representative sampling strategies

An ETF using a full replication strategy generally aims to invest in all constituent stocks/assets in the same weightings as its benchmark. ETFs adopting a representative sampling strategy will invest in some, but not all of the relevant constituent stocks/assets. For ETFs that invest directly in the underlying assets rather than through synthetic instruments issued by third parties, counterparty risk tends to be less of concern.

  1.  Synthetic replication strategies 

ETFs utilising a synthetic replication strategy use swaps or other derivative instruments to gain exposure to a benchmark. Currently, synthetic replication ETFs can be further categorized into two forms:

i.                   Swap-based ETFs

ii.                  Total return swaps allow ETF managers to replicate the benchmark performance of ETFs without purchasing the underlying assets.

iii.                           Swap-based ETFs are exposed to counterparty risk of the swap dealers and may suffer losses if such dealers default or fail to honor their contractual commitments.

iv.                           Derivative embedded ETFs

ETF managers may also use other derivative instruments to synthetically replicate the economic benefit of the relevant benchmark.  The derivative instruments may be issued by one or multiple issuers.

v.             Derivative embedded ETFs are subject to counterparty risk of the derivative instruments’ issuers and may suffer losses if such issuers default or fail to honour their contractual commitments.

Even where the collateral is obtained by an ETF, it is subject to the collateral provider fulfilling its obligations.  There is a further risk that when the right against the collateral is exercised, the market value of the collateral could be substantially less than the amount secured resulting in significant loss to the ETF.

It is important that investors understand and critically assess the implications arising due to different ETF structures and characteristics.

  1. RISKS OF CLIENT ASSETS RECEIVED OR HELD OUTSIDE HONG KONG

Client assets received or held by the licensed or registered person outside Hong Kong are subject to the applicable laws and regulations of the relevant overseas jurisdiction which may be different from the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571) and the rules made therein. Consequently, such client assets may not enjoy the same protection as that conferred on client assets received or held in Hong Kong.

  1. RISK OF TRADING NASDAQ-AMEX SECURITIES AT THE STOCK EXCHANGE OF HONG KONG LIMITED

The securities under the Nasdaq-Amex Pilot Program (“PP”) are aimed at sophisticated investors. You should consult a licensed or registered person and become familiarised with the PP before trading in the PP securities. You should be aware that the PP securities are not regulated as a primary or secondary listing on the Main Board or the Growth Enterprise Market of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited.

 

  1.  RISK OF MARGIN TRADING 

The risk of loss in financing a transaction by deposit of collateral is significant. You may sustain losses in excess of your cash and any other assets deposited as collateral with the licensed or registered person. Market conditions may make it impossible to execute contingent orders, such as "stop-loss" or "stop-limit" orders. You may be called upon at short notice to make additional margin deposits or interest payments. If the required margin deposits or interest payments are not made within the prescribed time, your collateral may be liquidated without your consent. Moreover, you will remain liable for any resulting deficit in your account and interest charged on your account. You should therefore carefully consider whether such a financing arrangement is suitable in light of your own financial position and investment objectives.

  1. RISK OF PROVIDING AN AUTHORITY TO REPLEDGE YOUR SECURITIES COLLATERAL ETC.

There is a risk if you provide the licensed or registered person with an authority that allows it to apply your securities or securities collateral pursuant to a securities borrowing and lending agreement, repledge your securities collateral for financial accommodation or deposit your securities collateral as collateral for the discharge and satisfaction of its settlement obligations and liabilities.

 

If your securities or securities collateral are received or held by a licensed or registered person in Hong Kong, the above arrangement is allowed only if you consent in writing. Moreover, unless you are a professional investor, your authority must specify the period for which it is current and be limited to no more than 12 months. If you are a professional investor, these restrictions do not apply.

 

                      

Additionally, your authority may be deemed to be renewed (i.e. without your written consent) if the licensed or registered person issues you a reminder at least 14 days prior to the expiry of the authority, and you do not object to such deemed renewal before the expiry date of your then existing authority.

 

You are not required by any law to sign these authorities. But an authority may be required by licensed or registered persons, for example, to facilitate margin lending to you or to allow your securities or securities collateral to be lent to or deposited as collateral with third parties. The licensed or registered person should explain to you the purposes for which one of these authorities is to be used.

 

If you sign one of these authorities and your securities or securities collateral are lent to or deposited with third parties, those third parties will have a lien or charge on your securities or securities collateral. Although the licensed or registered person is responsible to you for securities or securities lent or deposited under your authority, a default by it could result in the loss of your securities or securities collateral.

 

A cash account not involving securities borrowing and lending is available from most licensed or registered persons. If you do not require margin facilities or do not wish your securities or securities collateral to be lent or pledged, do not sign the above authorities and ask to open this type of cash account.

 

  1. ADDITIONAL TRADING RISKS

  1. Deposited cash and property

You should familiarize yourself with the protections given to money or other property you deposit for domestic and foreign transactions, particularly in the event of a firm insolvency or bankruptcy. The extent to which you may recover your money or property may be governed by specific legislation or local rules. In some jurisdictions, property which had been specifically identifiable as your own will be pro-rated in the same manner as cash for purposes of distribution in the event of a shortfall.

b.   Commission and other charges 

Before you begin to trade, you should obtain a clear explanation of all commission, fees and other charges for which you may be liable. These charges will affect your net profit (if any) or increase your loss.

c.    Transactions in other jurisdictions

Transactions on markets in other jurisdictions, including markets formally linked to a domestic market, may expose you to additional risk. Such markets may be subject to regulations which may offer different or diminished investor protection. Before you trade, you should enquire about any rules relevant to your particular transactions in those jurisdictions. Your local regulatory authority will be unable to compel the enforcement of the rules of regulatory authorities or markets in other jurisdictions where your transactions have been effected. You should ask for details about the types of redress available in both your home jurisdiction and other relevant jurisdictions before you start to trade.

d.   Currency risks 

The profit or loss in transactions in foreign currency-denominated assets (whether they are traded in your own or another jurisdiction) will be affected by fluctuations in currency rates where there is a need to convert from the currency denomination of the assets to another currency.

e.    Trading Facilities 

Electronic trading facilities are supported by computer-based component systems for the order-routing, execution, matching, registration or clearing of trades. As with all facilities and systems, they are vulnerable to temporary disruption or failure. Your ability to recover certain losses may be subject to limits on liability imposed by the system provider, the market, the clearing house and/or Exchange Participant firms. Such limits may vary: you should ask the firm with which you deal for details in this respect.

 

f.    Electronic trading 

Trading on an electronic trading system may differ from trading on other electronic trading systems. If you undertake transactions on an electronic trading system, you will be exposed to risks associated with the system including the failure of hardware and software. The result of any system failure may be that your order is either not executed according to your instructions or is not executed at all.

 

You acknowledge and bear the risk that messages sending over the internet may be delayed due to internet traffic jam or other reasons. The licensed or registered person shall not be responsible for any consequences of these delays, including without limitation delays in the transmission of instructions/orders to the place of execution or the transmission of reports of execution to you due to any failure of communication facilities, or any other delays beyond the reasonable control of the licensed or registered person.

 

Communications over the internet may be subject to transmission blackout, interruption, interception, or incorrect data transmission due to the public nature of the internet or other reasons that are beyond the licensed or registered person’s control. Messages sent over the internet cannot be guaranteed to be completely secure. You shall be aware of and bear the risk of any delay, loss, diversion, alteration, corruption or virus infection of any messages/instructions either sent to or received from the licensed or registered person’s systems.  The licensed or registered person shall not be responsible for any losses or damages incurred or suffered as a result thereof.

 

g.   Risk of E-Statement Service               

Access to the internet or other electronic medium may be limited or unavailable during periods of peak demand, market volatility, systems upgrades or maintenance or for other reasons. Any communication through the internet or other electronic medium may be subject to interruption, transmission blackout, and delayed transmission due to unpredictable traffic congestion and other reasons beyond the licensed or registered person’s control. Internet is, due to technical limitation, an inherently unreliable medium of communication. As a result of such unreliability, there may be delays in the transmission and receipt of information. The statements may not be sent to the designed email address at all. Moreover, communications and personal data may be accessed by unauthorized third parties, and there are risks of misunderstanding or error in any communication and that such risks shall be absolutely borne by you.

 

h.   Off-exchange transactions 

In some jurisdictions, and only then in restricted circumstances, firms are permitted to effect off-exchange transactions. The firm with which you deal may be acting as your counterparty to the transaction. It may be difficult or impossible to liquidate an existing position, to assess the value, to determine a fair price or to assess the exposure to risk. For these reasons, these transactions may involve increased risks. Off-exchange transactions may be less regulated or subject to a separate regulatory regime. Before you undertake such transactions, you should familiarize yourself with applicable rules and attendant risks.

 

This Risk Disclosure Statement may not disclose all exposed risks. You should gather information before making trade and investment. You should consider your investing premise according to your own financial status and investment objectives. You should seek or consult professional advice and be aware of your exposed risks before making any trade and investment

 

This Risk Disclosure Statement is revised or supplemented from time to time. Clients should refer to its latest version for reference.

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